In Hindu, Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva are a trinity
In Islam, God, Jesus and Mary are 3 Gods in one, they reject the Christian version of the trinity explicitly (being 1 God), but substitute the above triad and exalt it in the fifth chapter of the Quran, verses 116-118.
Sikh Trinity is the idea that the three points of a celestial triangle are Sat Guru, The Word, and The Name. Understanding the Trinity is said to be necessary for overcoming mortality and the cycle of life and death.
As far as Judaism, the ideas for Christianity come from it, yes they obviously reject the Jesus trinity, but they accept the references where God in the OT is a plurality and still await the divine Messiah (eg Rebbe Schneerson) Rejections of references in the OT are rather modern, and not universal, generally in reference to the Chabad-Luvovitch movement that obviously hold to it.
Buddhists have the trikaya, Dharmakaya, Sambhogakaya and Nirmanakaya.
I also reject your notion that the Catholic Church alone is what delayed science as if it were all powerful, the renaissance came about through Christian thought and primarily funded by the Church. Catholics didn’t have that much power when the Roman Empire collapsed and throughout the Dark Ages, most historians agree that the collapse of civilization in the Roman Empire is what brought about the spread of Christianity, but you don’t just stamp a new civilization out the ground, there are lots of aspects, many political, that went into that and the Church in many ways preserved knowledge from being destroyed by people that weren’t all that interested in it. Still people saw value in monasteries, early on they terraformed huge swathes of Europe, Nothern France, most of Belgium and the Netherlands were all under the sea, later on they were the only places people had preserved how to read and write. Muslims had a great influence on mathematics before going back to the Stone Age.